VISMAYA: History & Philosophy of Physics

Category: academia

  • Sanskrit quote on learning..

    आचार्यात् पादमादत्ते पादं शिष्यः स्वमेधया ।
    सब्रह्मचारिभ्यः पादं पादं कालक्रमेण च ॥

    One fourth from the teacher, one fourth from own intelligence,
    One fourth from classmates, and one fourth only with time.

    Happy Teacher’s Day.. learning is eternal..

  • Zijie Yan…gone too soon

    picture from Zijie Yan’s google scholar page

    Scientific research is a creative pursuit. As researchers, we are always looking out for new ideas and inculcate them in our work. One way to get new ideas is to explore existing ideas and bring them together with certain degree of uniqueness and utility. As part of this exploration, scientists communicate with each other and gain some new knowledge. Therefore, as researchers, we encourage and value cooperation as part of our work culture.

    Over the past couple of decades, I have been greatly benefited, motivated, and inspired by many of my fellow-colleagues across the globe. Dr. Zijie Yan was one of them. I never met Zijie in person, but I and my research group have read many of his interesting papers related to optical trapping and binding of plasmonic nanoparticles. I have been following his work ever since he was a post doc at University of Chicago, and found his work creative, interesting, and illuminating, to say the least.

    In 2020, during the pandemic, we exchanged a few emails related to some technical details of trapping plasmonic colloids, and he was very generous and forthcoming in sharing his knowledge. He gave me some important leads into the wavelength-dependence of trapping capabilities, and suggested a few references. These leads were very beneficial for us to build upon some concepts and techniques that we were developing in my lab, which further led to some publications. After we published some of our results, I sent him our pre-prints, and thanked him for his input.

    When I heard the sad news of Yan’s untimely death at University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, I was shocked. As you may, know this was caused by gun shooting (allegedly by his own graduate student). What a tragic news.

    USA has great universities. In late 2000s, I spent two of my post-doctoral years in the US (Purdue University), and it was a pleasure living and working there. As an intellectual ecosystem, USA still leads the way, and it has been home to so many scientists and intellectuals from across the world. As with any society, USA has some flaws, and among them gun violence is turning out to be a major hurdle to its own progress and values. I sincerely hope that sanity will prevail among a large section of American society, and somehow this meaningless and violent aspect of their society is eliminated.

    Sometimes, we take peace of mind for granted, but it is probably the most important pre-requisite to work. It is also a timely reminder for all of us in this world to emphasize the importance of humanness, compassion and rationality. Violence is never an answer.

     Zijie was emerging as one of the stars in our research community, and what a shame that we have lost him so early. Let me end with the first few sentences of Zijie’s reply to my email in 2020:

    “Dear Pavan,

    Thank you for your interest on our research!  Glad to hear someone from the community……”

    My thoughts are with his family and well-wishers.

    Goodbye Zijie. We, as a community, will remember you.

  • Some ironies of publishing

    Some ironies of publishing:
    a) An open access paper highlighted by a paywalled news article
    b) Journal coverpage is a highlight paid by the author to the journal (many ppl don’t know this)
    c) most of the Journal coverpages are designed by the authors at their own cost

  • Critical thinking in Indian STEM students

  • Pratidhvani-Humanizing Science: podcast on reflections of Academic Scientist

    As an extension of my blog, I am starting a podcast in my individual capacity :

    PratidhvaniHumanizing Science

    In several Indian languages, including Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Hindi and many more, the word – Pratidhvani (ಪ್ರತಿಧ್ವನಿ/प्रतिध्वनि) – means resonance, reflection (of sound). Through my podcast, I intend to reflect on my thoughts as an academic scientist on some topics related to science, technology, history and philosophy of science. Listen to my first podcast, and let me know what you think.

    Download the audio file

    References :

    Kumar, G.V.P., 2023. Science + History —> better Science. Scatterings. URL https://historyofscience.in/2023/04/01/science-history-better-science/ (accessed 5.11.23).

    Kumar, G.V.P., 2022. 12 Years as a faculty member in India – 12 lessons. Scatterings. URL https://historyofscience.in/2022/05/25/12-years-as-a-faculty-in-india-12-lessons/ (accessed 5.11.23).

    Weinberg, S., 2003. Four golden lessons. Nature 426, 389–389. https://doi.org/10.1038/426389a

    Mankutimma’s Aphorisms!!: 789, n.d. . Mankutimma’s Aphorisms!! URL http://mankutimma-aphor.blogspot.com/2012/12/789.html (accessed 5.11.23).

  • Osaka and Optical Manipulation

    Thanks to the invitation of Prof. Hajime Ishihara, I visited Osaka from 29th April to 2nd May 2023.

    I arrived in Osaka on Saturday (29th Apr). On 30th Apr (Sunday) I headed out to visit the famous Kiyomizudera Temple in Kyoto with 2 PhD students from Ishihara’s group : Hideki Arahari and Takao Horai

    Kiyomizudera Temple towards the right and beautiful landscape surrounding it.

    Apart from the temple, we had a wonderful time exploring the Nishiki Market and Kamo river.

    On 1st May, I visited Osaka University to officially meet Prof Ishihara, his group and other research groups in the university. We had a wonderful discussion on optical manipulation and major projects related to it especially in Japan, and undoubtedly Osaka has emerged as a major center in optical manipulation.

    with Prof. Ishihara

    I was delighted to see so many students and research groups interested in optical trapping/manipulation and related science and technology. I learnt about some very interesting applications of optical manipulation. Also, it was great to see such a great sense of humor in this group of researchers. It was truly amazing.

    Science + Humor …..we had a great time..

    I also visited labs of Prof. Ashida and Prof Ito, and got a very nice overview of their work including optical manipulation in liquid helium and photochemical reactions in an optical trap.

    At 4pm, I gave my talk on “Optical Manipulation based on Opto-Thermal Gradients“. I elaborated on the role of absorption and related thermal gradient in optical manipulation. I presented some of our ongoing work on optical manipulation with structured light. The talk was attended by at least 30 to 40 people, and I was informed that students from various groups in Osaka were present (there are a few universities). The quality of questions and the follow up discussion was very good, and really enjoyed it.

    Finally, the day ended with a wonderful dinner at a tofu-themed Japanese restaurant. We had wonderful discussion on history and philosophy in our countries, and was very interesting.

    Dinner with Professors Ishihara, Ito, Ashida and Yokoyama

    My trajectory in Japan has been Yokohama –> Tokyo –> Okinawa –> Osaka. After 16 days, one conference talk and 4 research seminar across Japan, I am now heading back from Osaka to Tokyo (and writing this blog) on Shinkansen – the bullet train. Tomorrow, I will be leaving to India.

    In Japanese, the word ‘Osaka’ also means ‘a large hill’. Japan’s geography has many large hills (see a picture of Mt. Fuji I took from the moving Shinkansen), and metaphorically speaking Japanese like to scale complex landscapes of life by bringing culture with science and technology. There is a lot to learn from this approach to life.

    the majestic Mt. Fuji

    Osaka, optical manipulation and the perennial ascent towards knowledge. What a memorable trip this has been.

    To Japan and to all the people I met here – Doumo Arigatou Gozaimasu !

  • Ocean, Okinawa and OIST…

    I had a memorable visit to Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology – OIST (27th and 28th April 2023). Prof. Mahesh Bandi was my host, I had a fabulous time interacting with him and a few other groups. Below are some (of many) highlights.

    First, the geography : located in the midst of the ocean(s), away from the mainland Japan, Okinawa is the southern most part of Japan. I took a 2.5 hrs. flight from Tokyo and reached the destination when it was dark.

    In the morning, I woke up and opened the window to be pleasantly surprised to see the beautiful ocean in my field of view. Below is a photo I took from the balcony of the room.

    At the outset, I had a fabulous discussion. Mahesh and I had a excellent free-wheeling discussion on various topics including science, arts and history. Also, I visited his lab to see very creative experiments on non-equilibrium physics including some fascinating experimental designs to probe dynamics at liquid-air interface. He has a fabulous set of students working on interesting problems. It was both refreshing and stimulating.

    with Mahesh Bandi

    In the afternoon, I gave my seminar and below is an interesting announcement (because it spells out my full name :-)). I discussed about some non-equilibrium aspects of our work, and towards the end emphasized some interesting prospects of statistical optics in an optothermal-assembly.

    After my talk, I had illuminating discussion with Prof. Pinaki Chakraborty on thermal diffusion, fluid dynamics and history of science. I enjoyed visiting his lab, in which they have built one of the biggest Taylor-Couette flow set up I have ever seen (see the frame behind Pinaki in the picture below).

    with Pinaki

    Next day, I had an elaborate lab tour of Prof. Sile Nic Chormaic, who is an expert in various topics related to optics/photonics including optical trapping. As she was travelling, her post-doc Dr. Souvik Sil, hosted me and took me around to show various aspects of their lab. It was a great learning experience.

    with Souvik

    On the same day, I visited the cutting-edge lab of Prof. Keshav Dani. Since he was travelling, his team members gave me a brief tour and I was amazed by some of their experiments.

    Another major highlight of my trip was to meet many IISER students. Specifically, I met Amit Bhunia (post-doc) and Saurav Raj (PhD student) who are IISER Pune alumnus. I also met many IISER Kolkata students (Souvik being one of them).

    Overall, I was mighty impressed by the research infrastructure at OIST and the people working there. It is quite remarkable how they have been able to build such a great facility in such a short time (their campus started around 2010).

    a corridor in OIST

    Today, I have reached Osaka, and on Monday will be giving a talk and visiting a few groups at Osaka Unviersity. Prof. Hajime Ishihara is my host, and I look forward to plenty of interaction on optical manipulation.

  • Science + History —> better Science

    I recently read an interview of Lorraine Daston, a reputed historian of science on “Does Science Need History?”
    She was interviewed by the philosopher Samuel Loncar

    The long-form discussion is about history of science and how and why it is relevant not only to the public but also to the practicing scientists.

    In the later part of the interview , I found an interesting and important observation made by Lorraine :

    “One of the greatest achievements of science, contrary to what anyone would have thought not just circa 1700 but circa 1800, is the creation of the only effective international governance system that we have. In the face of two planetary crises—climate change and a global pandemic—it has not been the UN, it has not been the G8, that got together to diagnose the problem and suggest a solution. It has been the international community of scientists, and I would be extremely loath in any way to undermine the only example of semi-effective international governance we have.”

    This is probably one of the important comments on science I have come across in recent times. In an age where nation-states are still fighting (big and small) wars, this is indeed a profound reminder on what truly is the instrument of effective (inter)national governance.

    Do check out the whole interview. It has many interesting strands, branches and discussion including philosophy of science, publishing and some great references to explore.
    As I have mentioned previously in my blogs, part of the reason why I blog is to bring out the human side of doing science. Interviews like these reinforces this thought, and encourages me as scientist to look into the history of science as not something decoupled from the science itself, but as a part of ones research in understanding why we, as human beings, are interested in science. In my opinion, our science education (and research) will be vastly enriched by including and emphasizing history of science as integral part of science. Frequently, I have also found that some of the best commentaries and criticism on science as human endeavor emnating from historians of science.

    After all, it was history of science which opened our eyes towards understanding the structure of scientific revolutions. Hence Science + History —> better Science, and perhaps better human beings !

  • Toys, Geim and Gupta

    Recently I came across an editorial in Nature Physics, titled as Physics is our playground, which emphasized how playfulness has had an important role in some of the major inventions and discoveries in physics.

    A particular example of this is the discovery of graphene, and how it has evolved into one of the most important topics in condensed matter science. Nowadays graphene is used as ‘Lego’ blocks to build higher order structures and the so-called ‘Van der Walls’ heterostructures are one of the most exciting applications of 2D materials. What started as a playful project in the lab has now turned out to be an important part of emerging technologies.

    Two important inferences can be drawn from the playful attitude towards doing science :

    First is that making modular elements and stacking them creatively can lead to emergence of new structures and function. Anyone who has used lego blocks can immediately relate to it.

    Second is that toys are powerful research and teaching aids. Please note, that I emphasized research and teaching here. This is because toy-models are ubiquitous in research, and they help us create modular state of a problem in which unnecessary details are discarded and only the essential parts are retained. This way of thinking has been extremely powerful in science and technology (for example : see ball and stick models in chemistry and mega-construction models in civil engineering )

    When it comes to toys and education, there is no better example than the remarkable Arvind Gupta (see his TED talk). His philosophy of using toys as thinking aids is very inspiring. Being in Pune, I have had a few opportunities to attend his talks and interact with him (as part of an event at science activity center at IISER-Pune), and I found his approach both refreshing and implementable. Importantly, it also showed me how creativity can emerge from constraints. To re-emphasize this, let me quote APS news article on Andre Geim :

    “Geim has said that his predominant research strategy is to use whatever research facilities are available to him and try to do something new with the equipment at hand. He calls this his “Lego doctrine”: “You have all these different pieces and you have to build something based strictly on the pieces you’ve got.””

    Now this is an effective research strategy for experiments in India !

  • Chomsky et al., on Chatgpt

    Chomsky et al., have some very interesting linguistic and philosophical points on chatGPT/AI and their variants (see NYT link).

    To quote


    “The human mind is not, like ChatGPT and its ilk, a lumbering statistical engine for pattern matching, gorging on hundreds of terabytes of data and extrapolating the most likely conversational response or most probable answer to a scientific question. On the contrary, the human mind is a surprisingly efficient and even elegant system that operates with small amounts of information; it seeks not to infer brute correlations among data points but to create explanations.”

    The philosophical and ethical viewpoints expressed in this article are indeed noteworthy. What probably is even more important is the linguistic viewpoint which amalgamates language with human thought process, and that is what makes this article more interesting and unique.

    My own take on Chatgpt has been ambivalent because I do see tremendous potential, but also some obvious faults in it. About a couple of months ago, I did try to play around with it, especially in the context of some obvious questions I had on optical forces, and the answers I got were far from satisfactory. At that time, I assumed that the algorithm had some work to do, and it was probably in the process of learning and getting better. The situation has not changed for better, and I do see some major flaws even now. Chomsky’s article highlighted the linguistic aspects which I had not come across in any other arguments against artificial intelligence-based answer generators, and there is some more food for thought here.

    This is indeed an exciting time for machine learning-based approaches to train artificial thought process, but the question remains whether that process of thought can somehow emulate the capabilities of a human mind. 

    As humans, a part of us want to see this achievement, and a part of us do not want this to happen. Can an artificial intelligence system have such a dilemma?